A health plan is a must on all farms and dairy-beef systems are no different. Farmers should keep themselves familiar with the plan and it needs to adapt and change over time as the farm changes and new issues are encountered, writes Adam Woods
Consult your vet
First and foremost, consult your local vet when coming up with a health plan for your farm. They are the experts in this area and will be able to guide you through the process, ensuring nothing is overlooked along the way.
Consider all issues that have occurred on farm over the past number of years and try to incorporate preventative measures to minimise or avoid these issues in the future. What went wrong last year? Did you lose any calf along the way? Was thrive poorer than expected in any period that wasn’t caused by malnutrition?
Every year will throw up a new issue or challenge. This is why a health plan needs to be a living, breathing document, not something that is finalised and placed in a dark cupboard for no one to see.
Where farmers are just starting out with dairy-beef systems, talking to neighbours or friends can be a good idea to learn from their experiences. Break down the entire system into the relevant periods and tackle each one individually.
.\ Brendan Lynch
Calf-rearing phase
The calf-rearing phase is probably the busiest and most costly period on a dairy-beef farm in terms of health. This is because the rearing phase is the period with the greatest risk of mortality.
A good start to life on the rearing farm will go a long way to setting stock up for the entire production system. Things to consider here include:
Pneumonia
The single biggest cause of death in the calf-rearing shed. While, ideally, calves would be vaccinated prior to moving from one farm to another, in reality this is not going to happen.
Put a vaccination programme in place to reduce the risk of an outbreak on farm.
Vaccination will never be a substitute for good management. Depending on the product you use, this could be a one- or two-dose protocol.
Good hygiene, adequate housing and sufficient nutrition are paramount.
On our demonstration farm, calves were vaccinated against RSV and Pi3 pneumonia strains 48 hours after arrival on farm. No vaccine will work on a stressed calf, so for the first two days the calf is left alone to settle into its new surroundings and get used to the new feeding regime.
Clostridial diseases
All calves should receive a clostridial vaccination from when they are a month old. It is important to remember adequate immunity is not reached until the booster shot has been given one month later.
Disbudding
Depending on breed, calves may need to be disbudded. Use a local anaesthetic when disbudding as well as an antiseptic spray afterwards. Do not administer any vaccine at the same time as the stress of disbudding will reduce the effectiveness of the vaccine.
Weighing cattle mid-season on the Thrive demo farm.
First season
at grass
The main health issues for most of the first grazing season are worms and hoose. Dairy-beef animals are at greater risk than suckler-bred calves in the first season at grass as more of their diet comes from grazed grass.
For hoose, a good indication as to whether or not calves are affected is to run them from one paddock to the next. If calves are coughing after a short burst of exercise, they will require a dose.
On dairy-beef farms calves generally receive a minimum of two worm doses during the first grazing season.
Castration of male calves should be carried out well in advance of the housing period for winter. Consult your vet about the best method of castration. This is a stress factor for calves and so other interventions around this time should be avoided.
Make sure the weather is favourable and keep calves on good grass at all times to minimise stress. The younger you carry out castration the better.
Pneumonia
A booster vaccine may be needed ahead of housing or, where calves have not been vaccinated against IBR should be considered.
Be sure to follow the manufacturer’s protocol closely to maximise the level of coverage.
Diarmuid Murray's farm.
Winter period
Faecal egg tests can be carried out a few weeks after housing to see what worm burdens are present in weanlings. Some farms will need to consider a fluke dose as well depending on farm type and location.
Lice treatment will be needed and should be done three weeks after housing. Clipping backs and tails of cattle will help keep them clean and make application of any pour-on simpler.
Remember, prior to turnout, to give cattle a booster vaccination against clostridial diseases.
ABP Ellesmere plant and Bromstead research farm Shropshire UK.
Second grazing season finishing period
By the second season at grass, stock should have built up an immunity to worms. Prior to the start of the finishing phase a dose for fluke and worms may be necessary on some farms. A faecal egg test should be carried out to determine whether or not this is required. For any treatments to cattle in the months prior to slaughter, pay close attention to withdrawal periods on any products used.
A general view of some of the dairy bred calves on the farm of Pat Collins, Dower, Castlemartyr, Co Cork during the Dairy Beef 500 farm walk on his farm. \ Donal O'Leary
Summer scour syndrome - what to look for
Summer scour syndrome is a relatively new condition that has come up on dairy-beef farms and on some dairy farms that are rearing their replacement heifer calves.
How do I know if my calves have it?
Some calves turned out onto lush pasture can – within a month of turnout – start scouring and losing weight. This tends to be watery and green in colour. Up to 40% of calves can be affected and up to 2% to 3% can die. They do not respond to routine treatments for worms, coccidiosis or bacterial infection.
What causes it?
Calves tend to be selective grazers when put out first, so they graze the top of the leaf which is high in nitrogen. This, in combination with low fibre on lush grass, can upset an immature rumen which leads to scour, dehydration and weight loss.
How do I treat it?
Treatment options should be discussed with your veterinary practitioner as there is no cure. Treatments for scour including electrolytes to prevent dehydration are important. If suspected, all calves should be removed from grass immediately.
Housed calves should be fed a high-quality forage such as hay, silage, straw and good-quality concentrate with free access to water. After four to six weeks, their return to non-lush pasture should be carefully managed with access to fibre and high-quality concentrates.
Watch for concurrent disease or infection as the animal’s immunity can be reduced.
How do I prevent it?
Review calf-rearing strategy in consultation with advisers and veterinary practitioner. Start weaning up to four weeks before complete removal of milk and ensure that calves are eating at least 1kg of concentrate before weaning. This allows gradual development of the rumen.
Ensure that there is access to plenty of fibre from stemmy grass or older swards when turned out initially.
Strip graze calves to ensure that both leaf and stem are consumed.
A health plan is a must on all farms and dairy-beef systems are no different. Farmers should keep themselves familiar with the plan and it needs to adapt and change over time as the farm changes and new issues are encountered, writes Adam Woods
Consult your vet
First and foremost, consult your local vet when coming up with a health plan for your farm. They are the experts in this area and will be able to guide you through the process, ensuring nothing is overlooked along the way.
Consider all issues that have occurred on farm over the past number of years and try to incorporate preventative measures to minimise or avoid these issues in the future. What went wrong last year? Did you lose any calf along the way? Was thrive poorer than expected in any period that wasn’t caused by malnutrition?
Every year will throw up a new issue or challenge. This is why a health plan needs to be a living, breathing document, not something that is finalised and placed in a dark cupboard for no one to see.
Where farmers are just starting out with dairy-beef systems, talking to neighbours or friends can be a good idea to learn from their experiences. Break down the entire system into the relevant periods and tackle each one individually.
.\ Brendan Lynch
Calf-rearing phase
The calf-rearing phase is probably the busiest and most costly period on a dairy-beef farm in terms of health. This is because the rearing phase is the period with the greatest risk of mortality.
A good start to life on the rearing farm will go a long way to setting stock up for the entire production system. Things to consider here include:
Pneumonia
The single biggest cause of death in the calf-rearing shed. While, ideally, calves would be vaccinated prior to moving from one farm to another, in reality this is not going to happen.
Put a vaccination programme in place to reduce the risk of an outbreak on farm.
Vaccination will never be a substitute for good management. Depending on the product you use, this could be a one- or two-dose protocol.
Good hygiene, adequate housing and sufficient nutrition are paramount.
On our demonstration farm, calves were vaccinated against RSV and Pi3 pneumonia strains 48 hours after arrival on farm. No vaccine will work on a stressed calf, so for the first two days the calf is left alone to settle into its new surroundings and get used to the new feeding regime.
Clostridial diseases
All calves should receive a clostridial vaccination from when they are a month old. It is important to remember adequate immunity is not reached until the booster shot has been given one month later.
Disbudding
Depending on breed, calves may need to be disbudded. Use a local anaesthetic when disbudding as well as an antiseptic spray afterwards. Do not administer any vaccine at the same time as the stress of disbudding will reduce the effectiveness of the vaccine.
Weighing cattle mid-season on the Thrive demo farm.
First season
at grass
The main health issues for most of the first grazing season are worms and hoose. Dairy-beef animals are at greater risk than suckler-bred calves in the first season at grass as more of their diet comes from grazed grass.
For hoose, a good indication as to whether or not calves are affected is to run them from one paddock to the next. If calves are coughing after a short burst of exercise, they will require a dose.
On dairy-beef farms calves generally receive a minimum of two worm doses during the first grazing season.
Castration of male calves should be carried out well in advance of the housing period for winter. Consult your vet about the best method of castration. This is a stress factor for calves and so other interventions around this time should be avoided.
Make sure the weather is favourable and keep calves on good grass at all times to minimise stress. The younger you carry out castration the better.
Pneumonia
A booster vaccine may be needed ahead of housing or, where calves have not been vaccinated against IBR should be considered.
Be sure to follow the manufacturer’s protocol closely to maximise the level of coverage.
Diarmuid Murray's farm.
Winter period
Faecal egg tests can be carried out a few weeks after housing to see what worm burdens are present in weanlings. Some farms will need to consider a fluke dose as well depending on farm type and location.
Lice treatment will be needed and should be done three weeks after housing. Clipping backs and tails of cattle will help keep them clean and make application of any pour-on simpler.
Remember, prior to turnout, to give cattle a booster vaccination against clostridial diseases.
ABP Ellesmere plant and Bromstead research farm Shropshire UK.
Second grazing season finishing period
By the second season at grass, stock should have built up an immunity to worms. Prior to the start of the finishing phase a dose for fluke and worms may be necessary on some farms. A faecal egg test should be carried out to determine whether or not this is required. For any treatments to cattle in the months prior to slaughter, pay close attention to withdrawal periods on any products used.
A general view of some of the dairy bred calves on the farm of Pat Collins, Dower, Castlemartyr, Co Cork during the Dairy Beef 500 farm walk on his farm. \ Donal O'Leary
Summer scour syndrome - what to look for
Summer scour syndrome is a relatively new condition that has come up on dairy-beef farms and on some dairy farms that are rearing their replacement heifer calves.
How do I know if my calves have it?
Some calves turned out onto lush pasture can – within a month of turnout – start scouring and losing weight. This tends to be watery and green in colour. Up to 40% of calves can be affected and up to 2% to 3% can die. They do not respond to routine treatments for worms, coccidiosis or bacterial infection.
What causes it?
Calves tend to be selective grazers when put out first, so they graze the top of the leaf which is high in nitrogen. This, in combination with low fibre on lush grass, can upset an immature rumen which leads to scour, dehydration and weight loss.
How do I treat it?
Treatment options should be discussed with your veterinary practitioner as there is no cure. Treatments for scour including electrolytes to prevent dehydration are important. If suspected, all calves should be removed from grass immediately.
Housed calves should be fed a high-quality forage such as hay, silage, straw and good-quality concentrate with free access to water. After four to six weeks, their return to non-lush pasture should be carefully managed with access to fibre and high-quality concentrates.
Watch for concurrent disease or infection as the animal’s immunity can be reduced.
How do I prevent it?
Review calf-rearing strategy in consultation with advisers and veterinary practitioner. Start weaning up to four weeks before complete removal of milk and ensure that calves are eating at least 1kg of concentrate before weaning. This allows gradual development of the rumen.
Ensure that there is access to plenty of fibre from stemmy grass or older swards when turned out initially.
Strip graze calves to ensure that both leaf and stem are consumed.
SHARING OPTIONS